Weather Forecast / Migration

Unit 7 is about the future — predicting the weather and thinking about where people will live. Reading I is a weather report for seven stations in Nepal with a forecast for today and tonight. Reading II is an essay on migration: why people move, push and pull factors, and its benefits and drawbacks. The grammar is the future simple (will), the going to future and the future perfect (will have done). In writing you punctuate a paragraph and write paragraphs on the environment.

7.1 Reading I: Weather Forecast

The data table

Station	Max temp (°C)*	Min temp (°C)	24-hr rainfall (mm)
Dipayal	28.0	20.4	6.7
Nepalgunj	36.6 (highest)	26.2	0.0
Ghorahi	31.5	27.7	0.0
Pokhara	28.0	21.9	40.2 (most rain)
Kathmandu	27.3 (lowest max)	20.4 (joint lowest min)	23.8
Janakpur	32.0	27.8	0.0
Biratnagar	31.7	27.0	0.7

*Maximum temperature recorded yesterday afternoon.

Forecast — today: partly to mostly cloudy all over the country; light to moderate rain with thunder and lightning at many places in the hilly regions and a few places elsewhere; chance of heavy rain at one or two places in Gandaki, Lumbini and Karnali Provinces.

Tonight: generally to mostly cloudy; similar rain with thunder and lightning; heavy rain at one or two places in Koshi, Gandaki and Lumbini Provinces.

Vocabulary (Exercise A)

a. lightning b. rainfall c. moderate d. occur e. forecast

Multiple choice (Exercise B) — answers

a. iii. Nepalgunj (36.6 °C). b. ii. Kathmandu — it had the lowest maximum (27.3 °C), and its minimum (20.4 °C) equals Dipayal's lowest. (A teacher who looks only at the minimum may also accept Dipayal.) c. i. Janakpur and iii. Nepalgunj (0.0 mm). Biratnagar had 0.7 mm. (Ghorahi also had none, but it is not an option.) d. ii. rainy and iii. thunder and lightning.

Weather words (pronunciation list)

Phrase	Meaning
light / moderate / heavy rain(fall)	a little / medium / a lot of rain
mainly fair	mostly clear and dry
partly cloudy	some clouds, some sun
mostly / generally cloudy	clouds over most of the sky or area
windy	with a lot of wind

7.2 Reading II: Migration

Summary

• People have always moved. Those who visit a place for a short time are tourists. Moving to another place to live there is migration; people who move in search of work or shelter are migrants. Because more and more people move for better opportunities, the number of migrants will rise.
• Pull factors attract people to the destination: better jobs, higher wages, facilities and working conditions.
• Push factors drive people out: economic, social or political problems and natural disasters.
• Benefits: the text says the place of origin may gain economic opportunities (for example, more jobs and land for those who stay, especially in rural areas short of labour). The destination fills labour shortages, gains new businesses and consumer spending, new skills, knowledge and ideas that boost productivity, and a richer culture.
• Drawbacks: loss of skilled people from the home country ("brain drain"); jobs become hard to find and pay low where too many migrants arrive; population growth harms the environment; migrants may face cultural displacement and struggle to adapt.

Vocabulary (Exercise A — word search)

a. destination b. intention c. overrun d. drawbacks e. disaster f. prospect g. drive

Comprehension (Exercise B) — model answers

a. Who are called tourists? People who go to a new place only for a short visit.

b. Why do people move from one place to another? In search of work, shelter and better opportunities, or because problems or disasters push them out of their place.

c. List any two push factors. Economic problems (such as poverty and unemployment) and natural disasters. (Social and political problems are also correct.)

d. When does it become difficult for migrants to find a job? When a place is overrun by migrants.

e. List any two benefits of migration to the destination. It fills labour shortages and helps start new businesses; migrants bring new skills, knowledge and ideas that increase productivity and enrich the culture.

7.3 Grammar: Future simple, going to future and future perfect

will vs be going to

Form	Use	Example
will + base verb	a decision made at the moment of speaking	I forgot the bread! I'll go back and buy some.
	a prediction based on opinion (less certain)	I think he will win the election.
	offers, promises, conditions	If I meet him, I will tell him.
am/is/are going to + base verb	a plan already decided	I'm going to meet her next week.
	a prediction from present evidence (more certain)	Look at those dark clouds! It's going to rain.

Future perfect

will have + past participle — an action that will be finished before a point in the future. It usually comes with by (by 6 o'clock, by next year, by the time…). Negative: won't have + pp.

Future simple	Future perfect
He will leave home at 8 a.m. (he leaves at 8)	He will have left home by 8 a.m. (he leaves before 8)
I will eat lunch at 12 noon.	I will have eaten lunch by 12 noon.

Textbook answers

Grammar I B: a. 'll (decision now) b. am going to (plan; boots already on) c. will (condition) d. am going to (plan) e. is going to (evidence: dark clouds) f. am going to (long-time plan) g. B: 'll cancel (decision now); C: am going to spend (already planned after hearing the news).

Grammar II B: a. won't have finished b. will have grown c. will have mended d. will have closed e. will have finished f. won't have been g. will have ironed h. will have left i. will have completed j. will have saved

Grammar II C: a. will have found (in twenty years) b. will come c. will have finished (by next month) d. 'll drop (offer) e. will have left (by the time) f. Will … open (request) g. Will … complete h. Will … have completed (by the deadline) i. won't pass j. will have finished (in two hours' time)

7.4 Speaking: making predictions

Sujana's questions about moving to a new city, matched: How long are we going to stay there? – g; Where will I go to study? – c; Will I have good friends? – a; Where will you work, father? – b; Are we going to live in our own house? – f; Are we going to buy new clothes in the shopping malls? – d. (Answer e is extra.)

Board-game prompts: It's very cloudy today. → It's going to rain. / He is cutting vegetables. → He's going to cook dinner. / I've registered for a dance competition. → I'm going to practise every day.

7.5 Writing: punctuation and paragraphs on the environment

Punctuation (Writing A) — corrected

Nitin is one of the most laid-back students I know. He is tall and slim with black hair, and he always wears a shirt and black jeans. His jeans have holes in them, and his baseball boots are scruffy too. He usually sits at the back of the class, and he often seems to be asleep. However, when the exam results are given out, he always gets an "A". I don't think he's as lazy as he appears to be.

Points checked: capitals for Nitin and I; full stops at sentence ends; comma after However; apostrophes in don't and he's.

Paragraphs on the environment (Writing B)

Plan four paragraphs, one per question: definition → importance → causes of degradation → protection.

Model answer — Our Environment

Problem. Write a couple of paragraphs on the environment.

Solution. The environment is everything around us — air, water, soil, plants, animals and the people and buildings of our surroundings. Living and non-living things depend on one another, and together they make our natural surroundings.

The environment is important because it gives us the air we breathe, the water we drink, food, medicine and materials for shelter. Forests control floods and landslides, and clean surroundings keep us healthy.

However, our environment is being degraded. Forests are cut down for timber and settlements; rivers such as the Bagmati are polluted by sewage and waste; vehicles and factories pollute the air; and plastic is thrown everywhere. The growing population increases all these problems.

We can protect the environment in simple ways. We should plant trees, reduce, reuse and recycle waste, avoid plastic bags, use public transport and save water and electricity. Community clean-up campaigns and strict laws are also needed. If each of us acts responsibly, we will hand over a healthy earth to the next generation.

7.6 Project work and spelling (Extra bit)

Project work: draw how your locality might change in the next ten years (roads, buildings, forests, schools) and present it with will / is going to.

British vs American spelling: colour/color, programme/program, centre/center, metre/meter, travelled/traveled, apologise/apologize, licence/license, tyre/tire, theatre/theater. Use one system consistently; Nepali school exams normally follow British spelling.

Chapter summary

• Weather table: Nepalgunj hottest (36.6 °C); Pokhara most rain (40.2 mm); Nepalgunj, Ghorahi, Janakpur no rain; Kathmandu coolest.
• Migration = moving to live elsewhere; push factors drive out, pull factors attract.
• Benefits: labour, business, skills, culture; drawbacks: brain drain, low pay, environmental pressure, cultural displacement.
• will: decision now, opinion prediction, offer, condition.
• be going to: plan, prediction from evidence.
• will have + pp (+ by…): finished before a future time.

Practice questions

Reading

1. Study the (practice) table and answer. [5]

City	Max (°C)	Min (°C)	Rain (mm)
Dhangadhi	35.2	25.0	0.0
Jumla	22.4	9.8	3.1
Dharan	31.0	23.6	12.5
Simara	33.8	24.9	0.0

(a) Which city was hottest? (b) Which was coldest? (c) Which had the most rain? (d) Which cities had no rain? (e) What was the difference between Jumla's maximum and minimum?

Answers — Reading

1. (a) Dhangadhi (35.2 °C). (b) Jumla (9.8 °C). (c) Dharan (12.5 mm). (d) Dhangadhi and Simara. (e) 22.4 − 9.8 = 12.6 °C.

Grammar

2. Fill in with will, be going to or the future perfect. [5]aThe phone is ringing. I __ (answer) it.bWe have bought tickets; we _ (watch) the film tonight.cBy 2090 BS, I (complete) my studies.dBe careful! You (fall).eThe train ___ (leave) by the time we reach the station.

Answers — Grammar

2. (a) 'll answer (b) are going to watch (c) will have completed (d) are going to fall (e) will have left

Writing

3. Write an essay on "Foreign Employment: Its Effects on Nepal". [5]

Answer — Writing

3. Introduction (many Nepalis work abroad, especially in the Gulf countries and Malaysia); positive effects (remittance, skills, reduced unemployment); negative effects (shortage of young workers, empty villages, family problems, risks to workers); conclusion with suggestions (jobs at home, skill training, safe migration).